تقويم البرنامج الموسمي لفرق الدرجة الممتازة لكرة القدم بدولة البحرين في ضوء الاجهاد الحراري

Abstract

Abstract: The state of Bahrain cares a lot for sports in general and pays more attention to football. This popular sport is often supported and provided with all the necessary tools, such as playgrounds, tools, and recognized and well-trained coaches. However, there are certain factors that cannot be controlled in a state like Bahrain, the most obvious being the weather conditions. Temperatures are high, reaching 54.4°C in the summer, as reported by meteorological stations in Bahrain. This hot and humid weather hinders training, as it seriously affects the physiology of the human body, particularly when dealing with open-air (outdoor) sports such as football. It is well known that hot and humid weather conditions exert additional stress on the heat control system in the human body. This situation may lead to the body's inability to control (equalize) its temperature, a situation that may even cause death Thus, it is essential to have a complete and comprehensive plan to control heat stress (hazards) and avoid their negative impact. This can be made possible through better planning for training programs and timetables in accordance with the distribution map of temperature peaks from one side and the players' ability to function under those circumstances from the other side. Research Problem and Importance: The seasonal football program in Bahrain has never been revised or evaluated for the first time since the start of the Football Season Program for First Class Football in 1998. This study has derived its importance (cruciality) from the heat stress related to the geographical location of the State of Bahrain and its relationship to the main relevant factors: the player, the coach, and the Bahrain Football Association. The whole process needs (deserves) a comprehensive evaluation in order to help the Bahrain Football Association and the football clubs to design A reliable timetable adaptable to the mentioned weather conditions in Bahrain and achieve better performance levels. The Objectives: The research aims to: 1. The evaluation of the (super-grade competition) timetable in high heat stress. 2. The evaluation of the training load distribution for the coaches. 3. The evaluation of general information and procedures followed by players, coaches, and referees to prevent heat stress. 4. The suggestion of suitable procedures for prevention from heat stress. Questions: 1. Does the Bahrain Football Association consider climatic conditions when setting the super-grade competition timetable? 2. Do First Class Football Clubs' coaches consider climatic conditions when distributing training load? 3. Do players, coaches, and referees have enough information about heat stress? 4. Do players, coaches, and referees take necessary precautions against heat stress? The Methodology: The researcher followed the descriptive method to better fulfill these objectives of this study. The Sample: 1. Coaches: The sample comprised all populations of coaches assigned to Super Grade Clubs of Bahrain during the 1998/1999 season: Al-Ahli, Al-Hilal, and Al-Hala Al-Muharraq, East Riffa, West Riffa, Al-Budaiya, Al-Bahrain, Al-Beseteen, and Isa Town. The total number of these coaches is ten (10). 2- Players: A sample of one hundred and ten (110) players was randomly chosen from three hundred (300) registered players. Eleven (11) players were taken from each of the ten (10) Super Grade Clubs. Two (2) players (one from each of Al-Ahli and Al-Budaiya) did not complete the questionnaire, thus the actual total number if the sample was (108). 3- Referees: A sample comprised all referees who administrated (managed, ruled) the competitions during the 1998/1999 season. All are licensed (certified) referees. The statistical processing: The researcher used: has used tabulation, graphs, mean and standard deviation percentages correlation co-efficiency Extracts: 1- Heat Stress in Bahrain: a) The degrees of heat stress reach their minimum (lower) averages (levels) during October, November, December, January, February, March, April, and May. Consequently, it is safe to practice outdoor sports (athletic activities). b) The degrees of heat stress reach their maximum (highest) averages (levels) during June, July, August, and September. Consequently, it is unsafe to practice outdoor sports (athletic activities). 2- Evaluation of the timetable from the perspective of the Heat Stress map in Bahrain: a) The Super Grade Competition takes place during winter and extends to the beginning of spring. b) The degrees of heat stress did not exceed 31°C during the competition, which starts at the end of November and ends at the end of April of the following year. This avoided the critical period. 3- Evaluation of the distribution of training requirements and training load for coaches from the perspective of the Heat Stress map: a) The design of training requirements was directly related to the degree of heat stress. b) Some cases were reported where individuals did not consider heat stress when deciding training requirements. c) The number of mistakes decreases as we proceed and move forward throughout the season. 4- Evaluation of general information and preventive precautions adopted by players, coaches, and referees. a) Coaches: Information about heat stress is generally weak (68.7%). Preventive precautions are rarely taken (70%). The majority of coaches do not attach necessary preventive precautions The Heat Accumulation programs are up to world standards. All coaches know about "First Aid" procedures in case of heat stress (98.1%). b) Players: Players' information about heat stress is obviously weak (53.1%). Players' information about preventive precautions is weak (54.4%) c) Referee: Referee information about Heat Stress is weak (68%). Referee cares about preventive precautions (77%). Recommendations: In light of the results of this research and the findings, the researcher recommends the following: 1- Recommendations related to the Bahrain Football Association: Set a timetable between the beginning of November and the end of April to avoid high temperatures and humidity that cause Heat Stress. Organize training (orientation) programs for players and coaches to raise their awareness of Heat Stress and preventive precautions. Publish (issuing) informative brochures and banquets by the High Council for Youth & Sports to be distributed among players, coaches, and referees. Provide each club with advanced devices for measuring temperature and humidity to gather information, which can be used during outdoor training. Recommendations to FIFA to stop (postpone, cancel) the match (competition) when Heat Stress reaches 54 °C 2- Recommendations related to Coaches: To stop (postpone, cancel) the training unit when the temperature reaches 54°C. Assigning light training when the temperature exceeds 33°C. 3- Recommendations related to the High Council for Youth & Sports: Increasing budgets for sport clubs to consider the recommended measures The Council must issue procedures and banlets in coordination with the media to spread information about heat stress and preventive precautions. The Council must issue orders and regulations to ensure the administration of all outdoor competitions between October and May. 4- Recommendations related to further studies: Recommends further studies on outdoor sports. The effect of heat stress on the body functions of Bahraini players. Accumulated analytical studies to find any possible climatic changes in Bahrain over a period of five (5) years