A Study of Municipal Solid Waste Management in the Kingdom of Bahrain: Application of Life-Cycle Optimization and Sustainability

Abstract

Abstract : Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is vital for sustainable development and achieving the SDGs. Bahrain faces increasing pressure, requiring evidence-based strategies to reduce environmental harm. With global waste rising from 2.1 billion tons in 2023 to 3.8 billion by 2050, and costs surpassing US$360 billion, urgent action is essential. This study proposes a comprehensive model for sustainable MSWM in Bahrain. It evaluates the current system, assesses SDG alignment, and analyzes potential improvements through environmental, social, and economic lenses. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) using OpenLCA was applied to seven treatment scenarios, measuring six environmental impact categories. Life Cycle Costing (LCC) was used to assess economic viability. Public surveys and expert consultations were also conducted to integrate stakeholder perspectives. The study presents the SELECT model an acronym for Social, Environmental, Legislation, Energy, Cost-effectiveness, and Technology as a framework for guiding sustainable waste decisions. Composting emerged as the most sustainable treatment scenario, followed by recycling and gasification. Bahrain demonstrated strong performance in SDGs 11, 12, and 17; average performance in 3, 8, 9, 13, and 15; and minimal progress in Goal 14. Practical implications include guiding MSWM reforms, reducing landfill pressure, mitigating climate impacts, and supporting national strategies. The research also provides comparative insights between current and improved systems concerning SDGs outcomes. Limitations include focusing on the geographical context of Bahrain and excluding hazardous, medical, and informal waste due to their unique characteristics. Local data were used whenever possible; otherwise, international databases such as Ecoinvent were applied. This study contributes to scientific and policy dialogues by supporting decision-making, infrastructure planning, and sustainability monitoring.