أساليب التنشئة الأسرية وعلاقتها بالصلابة النفسية لدى ذوي الهمم من المكفوفين بمملكة البحرين

Abstract

Abstract : The present study aimed to examine the relationship between parenting styles and psychological hardiness among the participants in the study sample. It also sought to identify statistically significant differences in parenting styles and psychological hardiness based on the following demographic variables: gender, age, birth order, economic status, father's educational level, and mother's educational level. Additionally, the study aimed to identify the independent variables that can predict the dependent variable, namely psychological hardiness. The research was limited to an exploratory sample of 25 blinded individuals and a primary sample of 62 blinded Bahraini individuals representing various age groups. Two research instruments were employed: the first was the Parenting Styles Scale developed by the researcher (2024), and the second was the Psychological Hardiness Scale developed by Mukhaimer (2011). The validity and reliability of both instruments were confirmed The findings revealed that the participants' families demonstrated notable levels of support, particularly in terms of love and acceptance. However, a considerable portion of the sample also reported experiencing rejection, harshness, and neglect. The love and acceptance parenting style was found to have a positive impact on fostering autonomy, which in turn enhanced individuals' psychological hardiness. Males tended to exhibit higher levels of autonomy than females, who were more likely to report experiences of rejection and harshness. Among the dimensions of psychological hardiness, "control" and "commitment" scored the highest, while "challenge" was the lowest. The study also found no statistically significant differences in psychological hardiness levels between males and females. Moreover, the results indicated a stronger association between psychological hardness and both psychological care and emotional support. Interestingly, individuals from lower-income backgrounds demonstrated higher levels of hardiness across all dimensions. Regression analysis further showed that parenting styles accounted for approximately 32% of the variance in psychological hardness, a figure that rose to 50.4% when autonomy was included as an additional variable The study concluded with several recommendations, including the implementation of training workshops and awareness programs for families of blind individuals on effective parenting styles. Keywords: Parenting Styles, Psychological Hardiness, People of Determination Who Are Blind